Speech Recognition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discourse Recognition - Essay Example Typical human connection is verbal and nonverbal (outward appearances). A coherent movement in PC innovation ought to be a move away from console and mouse connection and toward verbal or facial acknowledgment innovation. Biotechnology as of now exists as unique finger impression acknowledgment and discourse acknowledgment programs. Unique finger impression acknowledgment just plots three purposes of a unique finger impression and gives it a numerical identical. Many educational systems use unique mark acknowledgment projects to accelerate their lunch lines. Understudies essentially put their thumb on the peruser, their print is perceived, and their record is charged for the lunch. In 1965 Gordon Moore made a forecast that PC innovation would twofold about like clockwork. In particular, Moore anticipated that the quantity of transistors on a chip would twofold at regular intervals and that chip size would bit by bit become littler. Greater limit would open up the likelihood to run an ever increasing number of complex projects. The expanded limit was accomplished by each chip being able to hold an ever increasing number of transistors after some time. Moore's law is significant on the grounds that the PC innovation of the 1960's would need to expand ability to deal with projects, for example, discourse acknowledgment and facial acknowledgment programs. ... Moore's law has remained constant. Chip innovation has multiplied limit at around multi year spans since 1970. Intel's Duel Core Itanium 2 Processor holds roughly 1,000,000,000 transistors contrasted with the 8088 processor of the 70's which held around 15,000 transistors. Discourse Recognition A console/mouse interface with PC frameworks is a structure that followed the consistent movement from typewriters to PC based word-handling programs. Be that as it may, this interface doesn't imitate how individuals speak with each other. Regular correspondence is verbal and incorporates facial acknowledgment also. As PCs have gotten coordinated into pretty much every division of society their utilizations have gotten increasingly differed (away from basic word-preparing). It is just sensible that interfaces should change and develop too. Discourse acknowledgment innovation moves clients from console/mouse interfaces and toward an interface that is increasingly normal for the client. A discourse acknowledgment program incorporates the two synthesizers and recognizers. These two gadgets imitate human association by taking human discourse and transforming it into text (recognizer) and taking content and transforming it into discourse (synthesizer). Any individual who has utilized electronic phone replying mail realizes that, albeit conspicuous as discourse, PCs don't make a sufficient showing of duplicating manners of speaking or accents found in typical discourse designs. The most exceptional discourse acknowledgment program available is Window's Vista. Intel technologists are chipping away at an AVSR (Audio Visual Speech Recognition) program that will update innovation that exists as a various media cooperation program. Mechanical advances, for example, discourse acknowledgment innovation, will permit

Creative Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imaginative Paper - Essay Example Since individuals seem to look for strict encounters so as to diminish the feelings of stress and sorrow, it gives an unequivocal association among feeling and mind action. One of the most essential needs man has is the requirement for otherworldliness or religion; therefore, the more s/he centers around a specific conviction, the more genuine it becomes in light of the fact that it animates certain neural circuits in the cerebrum. I would contend that feeling may work in the very same manner and might be brought about by the incitement of certain neural circuits in the mind. I have explored human feelings and it is my decision that feelings exist since they create out of complex neural frameworks existing in the human cerebrum. In spite of the contentions that the cerebrum is coherent, I would contend that the mind is passionate on the grounds that the feeling of dread in any event, originates in the cerebrum According to my examination which expands upon the exploration of others, dread specifically, the human body starts to give the outer physical indications of dread, for example, sweat-soaked palms, muscle pressure and a nauseous stomach even before the individual is intentionally mindful of dread. This proposes conclusively that the enthusiastic reaction of dread is hard wired into the mind, so that with the beginning of the feeling the outside side effects show themselves. The suggestion that the mind is connected to feeling doesn't seem to have a lot of legitimacy. Feelings in people are so wide extending; additionally individuals will in general react distinctively to a similar sort of occasions -, for example, one individual reacting with dread and another reacting with outrage to a similar occurrence. Twins will in general react diversely to feeling, even age contrastingly and I accept that there would be more prominent degrees of likeness between people in the manner they react to explicit occasions if feelings were hard wired. I would refer to the case of harm to the parietal flap in the cerebrum which causes troubles with science and language; something which

Consider a Gap Year

Consider a Gap Year As I do each year about this time, Id like to talk a bit about deferring entry to MIT, also known as taking a gap year. My hope is that you will at least consider, just for a moment, taking a gap year (read on for details). If you are a member of the Class of 2011 and would like to request a one-year (or sometimes two-year) deferral from starting at MIT, you can send a letter outlining your plans to our office: Office of Admissions Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 3-108 Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 We will grant a deferral for almost any reason. Come up with somewhat of a plan, and youll probably be fine. Some members of the Class of 2011 are deferring to spend a year in Israel, others to do intensive music study. What you do is up to you. A couple months ago, Anthony wrote an excellent post on this very topic: So you got into one of the best, most stimulating and resource-rich universities in the world. Welcome MITs an amazing place (no matter what youre here to study), and I bet youre really eager to come not just for Campus Preview Weekend, but to start your academic and life voyage as a freshman this fall semester. Youre probably already planning your summer, the changes from home to college what to bring, how youll spend those last days with friends and family, perhaps visiting your favorite childhood haunts in a last bid to say goodbye. But what if you held off on all that? Sounds crazy, right? because you want to get away from your parents as soon as possible, start your own life, and not be told when to go to bed and what not to eat well, whatever the reason, college is a way to leave home thats accepted by both your friends and your folks (no matter how conservative), and youre all ready to GO. It feels like the right thing to do, because after high school, dont all good students go to college? And besides, what else would you do to prepare for that promising future youve always dreamed of (and, no doubt, the one everyone *expects* you to have)? Let me ask you something else: if you had an entire year to do anything you want, with unlimited time, no expectations, no SATs or class ranks or gossip or student club presidencies to get in the way what would you do? Lets just pretend that after you graduate, instead of just returning to school in the fall, you finally get to work on that dream project, tinker in that lab, or spend a year overseas (all expenses paid) teaching something you know and learning everything you never knew all at the very same time. And youd wake up every day knowing that MITs just down the road. A couple years back, the Associated Press has a nice story about gap years that was picked up by news organizations across the country. Since two years have passed, youll have to visit an archive to read the full story, but Ive pulled out some choice quotes below for comment. Many college admissions officers support the idea [of deferring admission for a year or two]. While cautioning that a gap year between high school and college isnt for everyone and that just goofing off isnt worthwhile they say many students who take one return more confident and self-aware. [] Generally, schools make students submit a proposal beyond lying on the beach, but often little more is required. The University of Chicago says it will grant deferrals for almost any reason as long as students dont apply elsewhere. Its reached the point where a lot of us in admissions are talking about ways to get students to just kind of relax, said Martha Merrill, dean of admission and financial aid at Connecticut College. We at MIT are among those college admissions officers who are supportive of students taking a gap year. And, like the University of Chicago (and many other schools), were happy to grant deferrals to most any proposal you might have. Also, we agree with Connecticut Colleges Martha Merrill as youve probably read on these blogs, were quite interested in finding ways of making college admissions and the high school to college transition less stressful and frenzied. Gap year is a bit of a loaded term, I think, with images of British aristocracy vacationing in the south of France coming to mind. But during my years in admissions, Ive seen students take some time before starting MIT for many great reasons. For example, one of my favorite students spent a year as an EMT in Israel before his freshman year. This gave him a lot of perspective on the world, and when he got his first bad grade at MIT, he knew that it wasnt a disaster, but rather an indication that he might want to reexamine his study habits and try a little harder next time. No crisis. Ultimately, his impact on MIT and the students around him was great, and his mentorship, with the help of his gap years perspective, was invaluable to many students here. The article also addresses the different kinds of gap years: Gap years need not be a luxury for the rich. Some students use them to earn money for school. Many programs offer scholarships or compensation for labor; AmeriCorps offers a living allowance and education funding. Reardon says anyone would be hard-pressed during a gap year to spend the $30,000 or more many of them would be paying for college. Im not writing to say that all students should take some time off before starting college. But I do think that there is a bit of a stigma about such plans in many areas of the country, a stigma that should be eliminated. The AP writes: In the United States, however, experts say the increasing stress of college admissions makes parents nervous about any kind of unusual path. These are families that somehow see this as not part of the grand plan, said Gail Reardon, who founded a Boston company, Taking Off, that helps students plan gap years. Adds Lee Stetson, dean of admissions at the University of Pennsylvania: Not wanting to break stride is the American way. [] I dont think theres any rational explanation to just run to college, [Gerrit Lansing, a student who took a gap year] said. Theres no reason. Its just what everyone does. Yesterday, my friend Shaun over at the blog The International Counselor did a gap year entry, focusing on an extraordinary gap year tale about a future Stanford student: Parents often worry about kids taking a year off between high school and college. My parents worried when I announced that I was moving to Australia for a year. They feared I would never go to university (I did) nor return home (I did, at least for a time before itchy feet got me moving). Taking a gap year is a wonderful opportunity to focus on something important to you. Take Samantha Larson. Stanford happily deferred her admission for a year. Her plan: Climb Chomolungma also known as Mt. Everest. And she did. Not only that. She became the youngest person to completed the seven summits challengesummiting the highest peak on each of the seven continents. Some of you who attended Campus Preview Weekend may have attended our panel discussion on gap years, featuring four MIT students who have done it (including Anthony). My take away was this: No one ever regrets having taken a gap year, but plenty of people regret not having taken one. The bottom line here is that it is okay to slow down. Life, college, career its not a race. Feel free to write me if you need more information about taking a gap year, Im happy to help. Post Tagged #gap year

Effective Methods Of Effective Ways Of Communication

As a part of execution, company leaders translate strategy into measurable objectives. Communication plays an important role in sharing the strategy details with necessary external as well as to all internal employees. This communication mechanism allows creating a feedback system and also gives an opportunity for the leaders to align with the rewards and recognition process. It is necessary to use an effective way to communicate the strategy for a greater success. According to Everse (2011), effective ways of communication are, make it simple, keep the customer and market in mind and package the content that can be shared with everyone within the organization. Based on the purpose, prioritize and sequence the message, think deeper and use leads to deliver the messages at all levels, use relevance, inspire a person, and communicate directly with employees and customers. --Planning organizational change The companies need changes to grow and compete and the changes give leaders an opportunity to make a sound decision and sustain the company business for a long term growth. The complex consumer purchase pattern in the dynamic market forces a change in business behavior and the known the forces impacting business are the internal and external environments. The factors such as people, systems, and structures are internal to any organization and well within its control. The mission, vision, culture and leadership of any organization associated with the internal environment of aShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Communication On Project Performance1255 Words   |  6 Pages CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study Communication is an essential key that will manipulate the organization operation by transfer of information. The research study about the impact of communication on project performance. This research will explore the communication method used and the effective communication method of construction industry in Kuantan. An introduction of what is the overall content of this research are shown in Chapter 1. This chapter will include background ofRead MoreEssay about Week Three Assignment Hca 3201284 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Communication Methods HCS/320 June 17, 2013 Lyubov Kiseleva Axia College of University of Phoenix Every day in the health care field, professional have to choose the most effective communication method when communicating to other professionals, patients, patient families, and the general public. Different circumstances have very specific methods of communication that need to be utilized for communication to be effective. Furthermore, in the health care field the regulationsRead MoreTeam Communication: Importance, Methods, Benefits, and Challenges1349 Words   |  6 PagesTeam Communication: Importance, Methods, Benefits, and Challenges In order for a team to communicate effectively, the members should understand why effective communication is important; decide which methods to use; know the benefits they will reap; and how to overcome the challenges that will arise, because when communications fail many problems can arise such as, failure to meet goals, and unnecessary conflict. Parker (2003) says that, â€Å"open communication is an absolute requirement for successful†¦teamwork†Read MoreUnit 1 Developing Effective Communication Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping Effective Communication P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. M1 Asses the role of effective communication and interpersonal in health and social care with reference to theories of communication. Context Formal Formal communication is important in a health and social care context. Formal communication shows respect for others and is an effective way of communicating when used. Formal communication wouldRead MoreThe Role of Effective Communication in Improving Managerial Performance1701 Words   |  7 PagesTHE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN IMPROVING MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF IMO STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ISEPA) ABSTRACT The role of effective communication in improving managerial performance. Management and communication are inseparable, it is the pivot in which activities of the various department relates to enhance industrial, growth, productivity and harmony in Imo State environmentalRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace1116 Words   |  5 PagesINTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE Introduction Communication occurs in the day to day life situation Hynes, G. E. (2015). People pass messages from one individual to another through communication. This makes communication to be taken for granted. Communication may not be that easy as it is the assumption of most of the people, but it is important to understand that for communication to be effective proper communication skills need to be applied. Communication is simply defined as theRead MoreA Short Note On Internal Communication Process Project Management1047 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION In Alexandra-Mihaela and Danut’s article, â€Å"The Measurement and Evaluation of the Internal Communication Process in Project Management,† the author’s advocate the use of good, effective communication within a project to increase the project’s chances of success. Communication is embedded within human nature, and so internal communication within a project’s members, management, and stakeholders is among one of the most important factors for success in project management (Alexandra-MihaelaRead MoreDiploma Assessment Cover Sheet Letter1448 Words   |  6 Pages Importance of effective communications in business leadership Importance of Effective Communications in Business Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Effective Communication in Management Requires Great Speaking Skills Coaching and Keeping the Information Flowing Conflict Resolving Effective Communication in Entrepreneurship Helps in Sorting Logical Point in Sequences Communication Between Business Owner and Consumer Should be Fluid Communication in Business DevelopmentRead MoreAssignment 3011678 Words   |  7 PagesAii Describe two ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carers, colleagues and other practitioners One way that effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting is when service user communicates what they think about the service that they are receiving they can positively impact on the care that they are receiving. Another way that effective communication can affect relationshipsRead MoreAssignment 301 - Principles of Communication in Adult Social Care Settings1220 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 301 - Principles of communication in adult social care settings. Ai) Identify four different reasons why people communicate. . Create and maintain relationships . To teach and to learn . To share opinions . Feelings and emotions Aii) Describe two ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carers, colleagues and other Practitioners. Effective communication is essential in building a meaningful

As We Advanced From The 20Th Century To The 21St Century

As we advanced from the 20th century to the 21st century many of our ideas, outlooks, and information we knew about the world changed and progressed greatly. This is also true for how we as a civilization viewed management, progressed and continued to progress in bettering our management practices. This book analyzes old and new assumptions of management practices along with the reality that comes with the new strategies. The author also describes that as we go through these changes a leader that knows how to work with change is important to have to get passed the many information challenges. Drucker then describes that as the organizations change it is important that individuals within the organization also change to help reach maximum†¦show more content†¦Since the discipline behind management is always changing so are the assumptions that come with it. Drucker First lists 7 old assumptions of management, which are: 1. Management Is Business Management 2. There is – or there must be- one right organization structure. 3. There is – or there must be- one right way to manage people. 4. Technologies, markets and end-users are given 5. Management’s scope is legally defined. 6. Management is internally focused. 7. The economy as defined by national boundaries is the ecology of enterprise and management. Ducker goes on to explain that the first three assumptions are related to the discipline of management while the last 4 are related to the practice of management itself. He also points out that these assumptions might have been helpful back then but are actually hurting us now. They are now so far removed from actual reality that they are becoming obstacles to the Theory and even more serious obstacles to the Practice of Management. Indeed, reality is fast becoming the very opposite of what these assumptions claim it to be (Drucker). Drucker then goes on to explain his 8 new management assumptions related to the discipline of management, which are: 1. Management is not only for profit-making businesses. 2. There is not only one right organization. 3. There is not one right way to manage people. 4. Technologies and End-UsersShow MoreRelatedDeaf : Deaf And Deaf886 Words   |  4 Pagesthat studies deaf individuals and their unique communities and culture and may include constructs from anthropology, linguistics, bilingual education, disability, audiology, etc. Within the context of Deaf Studies, deaf individuals are no longer defined solely by their lack of hearing, but by their cultural, linguistic, and sensorial ways of being in the world (Bauman Murray, 2010). 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Modernism In Two Poems By Marianne Moore Free Essays

Marianne Moore was one of the eminent poetesses of the Modern times. An integral contributor to the modern American literature, Moore’s poetry is considered as a linkage between nature and the human world. She alludes to scientific and historical knowledge and tries to evade literary allusions to prevent her from being casted as a stereo-type. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernism In Two Poems By Marianne Moore or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her poems are full of keen observations and generally hold up the images of birds, butterflies, animals, landscapes of England and New York. She is a â€Å"literalist of the imagination† who can â€Å"present for inspection†¦imaginary gardens with real toads in them.† In A Grave, Moore begins with a meditation on the impossibility of seeing the sea, when a â€Å"Man looking into the sea† takes â€Å"the view from those who have as much right to it as you have to it yourself.† Moore calls attention to two difficulties here: the problem of seeing â€Å"through† a man, including a man’s viewpoint, and the related problem of establishing herself as a centered speaker when she cannot stand â€Å"in the middle of this.† Moore’s depiction of the sea correspondingly emphasizes its opacity over its translucency and its surface activities over its symbolic meanings. While Moore may well have written this poem out of a personal crisis that involved thoughts of suicide, the speaker reminds herself that to seek relief in the sea is not to be mirrored in any improved way or to be freed of her. The speaker works her way out of her crisis by establishing and confronting the actuality or literality of the sea and of death, and her difference from them. The sea interestingly, in Moore’s poem is not a reflective object but a grave. Also, it is man’s careful acts, that is, his surface activities that save him and not his self- projections. Men â€Å"lowering nets† unconsciously â€Å"desecrate this grave,† â€Å"as if there were no such thing as death,† the speaker of this poem, conscious of the ultimate meaning of penetrating the depths of the sea, trains her vision to the surface: â€Å"The wrinkles progress among themselves in a phalanx— beautiful under networks of foam  the tortoise-shell scourges about the feet of the cliffs, in motion beneath them;† The end of the poem marks its intensity. Unlike the exposition, the last lines of the lyric compel us to view the surroundings and not just concentrate on the opacity of the sea surface. A forced consciousness of the meditation on the outer scene is emphasized by the poetess. The sound of birds and bell-buoys make â€Å"noises† which break the ambience of a visual representation of the situation. The poem resolves with its initial perspective of assuming something as what it is not and an intrigue picture of the ocean’s opacity in the concluding lines: â€Å"and the ocean, under the pulsation of lighthouse and noise of  bell buoys,  advances as usual, looking as if it were not that ocean in  which dropped things are bound to sink—  in which if they turn and twist, it is neither with volition nor  consciousness.† For Moore, in A Grave, meditation on the sea becomes meditation on the limits of human power and human language, and immersion, literal or figurative, threatens dissolution. â€Å"Death† is the central theme of the poem with an under cutting allusion to Moore’s own brother’s death. Many critics have tried to see the poem in the light of Moore’s feminist voice. In the poem, as many critics believe, Moore defines the male dominium and tries to break it with her strong and persuasive words. A grave is a place where dead things are put to rest, but Moore’s A Grave is a locus of vital and challenging re-vision. The poems of Marianne Moore have arguments, often difficult to follow but always worth the effort. Distrustful of overt emotion, her poems rely on understatement and reserve to create it, as in the simple What are Years? or the penetrating A Grave. What Are Years? is a stellar lyric which ends by paradoxically equating a bird’s joyful song with both mortality and eternity? Both the poems have a dominating â€Å"sea imagery†. The tone of morality in both the poems is unsurpassable. The genesis of these poems can be owed to the World War II. These two poems are typical of Moore’s. These are not meant for the pleasure of reflection. They refuse to be simpler than the world is and make more sense when read again and again until one understands the perspective for which they are written. Moore exploits imagery and visuals from the nature and embeds them in her poems. The linking of morality with a bird in What are Years? is quite similar to the theme of death and survival in A Grave. The poems deal with the strong imagery of the sea-how in one poem it is â€Å"continuing† and in the other, â€Å"the sea is a collector, quick to return a rapacious look.† The imagery of bird or flying is also present in both the poems. This imagery is evident to prove the aspiration of the speaker to be free and boundless. In both the poems, Moore indicates the sea’s power to erode and destroy; strongly alluded in A Grave and subtly done in What are Years. A deep penetration of this concept might find it’s parallel to the society and humanity- the dominium of man over everything and his struggle to free himself. This idea or concept might be traced to the World War aftermath. The vulnerability of the society and the deterioration was enough to evoke the modernist flame inside Moore to conceptualize the social, political and economical conditions into a poetic expression. Many American poets see Moore as one of the monuments of modernism, up there with Robert Frost and Wallace Stevens. Vision and viewpoint, an integral quality of modernist poets is present in the poems of Moore as well. She once wrote that poems were â€Å"imaginary gardens with real toads in them.† Her poems are conversational, yet elaborate and subtle in their syllabic versification, drawing upon extremely precise description and historical and scientific fact. A â€Å"poet’s poet,† she influenced such later poets as her young friend Elizabeth Bishop. A Grave â€Å"offered Bishop, as it offers us, an example of how a woman well-versed in the literary tradition, rather than capitulating to the convention of female silence, can wield that tradition and write her own eloquent verses.† To conclude, in the words of eminent literary critic, Jeredith Merrin, â€Å"Her ocean/grave represents death, humanity’s common enemy, and yet her sea as re-former of inherited poetic patterns acts too as Nature’s and Woman’s ally. The heavy sibilance throughout Moore’s poem (in all versions) reminds us of Satan, of the serpentine and treacherous ladies of Romantic poetry, of the actual foaming ocean that advances and retreats over the shingle of land, and of mortality which menaces and circumscribes our lives. But with her insistent sound-play–e.g., â€Å"you cannot stand in the middle of this†; â€Å"repression. . . is not the most obvious characteristic of the sea†; â€Å"their bones have not lasted†Ã¢â‚¬â€œMoore also hisses back at Man, and at the arrogant male poet in particular, who arrogates to himself dominion, who is always trying â€Å"to stand in the middle of a thing.† By choosing to conclude her poem with the word â€Å"consciousness,† Moore reserves that climactic position for the quality of attentiveness to self and to â€Å"other† which is her highest aesthetic and moral value, while giving her sea (as retributive force) the last word, the last hiss.† References Marianne Moore http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/96 On Marianne Moore’s Life and Career http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/moore/life.htm Marianne (Craig) Moore (1887-1972) http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mmoor.htm THE POEMS OF MARIANNE MOORE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DE1F3FF937A35752C0A9629C8B63 The Collected Essays and Criticism -By Clement Greenberg, John http://books.google.com/books?id=N5yfxzOr4j8Cpg=PA85lpg=PA85dq=%22what+are+years%22source=webots=8EvqzAyM3vsig=pchzURGxqaSTHBL3I-kmOagGf-g#PPA85,M1 How to cite Modernism In Two Poems By Marianne Moore, Essay examples

Nigerian Student Market for Labor and Productivity- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNigerian Student Market for Labor and Productivity. Answer: Question one- There are more than 500 Nigerian based agents that can help students to study in New Zealand. Many are founded locally while others are agents associated with universities in New Zealand. UniAgents (2017), states that they are spread across all the major cities in Nigeria. Question two- The education agents in Nigeria are certified by the Institute of Professional Recruitment Consultants (IPRC) in Nigeria. This institute is approved by the Federal ministry of Education as well as the National Universities Commission (IPRC Nigeria, 2017). This institute is tasked with accrediting agents and consultants engaged with recruiting students for universities based abroad. The institute is affiliated with the Association of Professional Recruitment Consultants based in the UK. The process of qualification is the attainment of certification as set out by IPRC. The basic qualification is the certificate level with the option of further studies to diploma (IPRC Nigeria, 2017). Successful applicants are then required to fill out an application form as a recruiter and submit it to the Federal Ministry of Labor and Productivity. Approved applicants are then registered officially. Question three- The success of UK based education recruiting agencies is based on the greater freedom accorded when dealing with UK institutions of learning. Unlike other countries, UK based agents are not regulated by a national framework (Raimo, Humfrey Huang, 2013). This gives education agents the advantage for self-regulation. They are able to be more creative in packaging and marketing the institutions they represent. Question four- There are ten main destinations where Nigerian student travel in order to further their studies. These figures are according to data that was obtained from a report by UNESCO (Students, 2017). These countries in descending order with the number of students are: the UK ( 17,973), Ghana (71,000), United States (7,318), Malaysia (13,000), Canada (3,257), South Africa (2,525), Saudi Arabia (1,915), United Arab Emirates 91,755), Hungary (700), Ukraine (3300). Question five- There is no clear cut delineation for preference of subjects pursued for bachelor degrees. For students pursuing Masters Degrees, the following are the top destinations for Nigerian students and the popular programs they prefer. According to Pasolea (2017), these are: Canada where the popular degrees are Mechanical Engineering, Pharmacy, Economics, Electrical Engineering and Civil Engineering. Germany where the most popular degrees include Business Administration, European Studies, Leadership and Management, and Mechanical Engineering. United States where Business Administration leads. It is followed by Sociology, Sustainable Development, Political Science and Public Administration. Norway, in which Social Sciences, Biology, Business Administration are popular. In addition, Industrial Systems Engineering together with Cultural Studies is also popular. Finland completes the list with the following degree programs: International Business, Education, Computer Sciences, Management, Organization Leadership and Physics. Question six- There are more than 1.5 million Nigerians who are studying in different universities and institutions of higher learning (Recruiting from Nigeria, 2015). These are spread across Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate programs. They are distributed amongst the following countries: UK, Canada, Australia, USA, Spain, Sweden, Hungary, Germany, China, India, Ukraine, Hungary, Russia, Philippines, Malaysia, Romania, Hong Kong, Turkey and many more. In Africa, they are found in Egypt, South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Botswana, Sudan and Togo. The areas of study include Medicine, Engineering, Medical Sciences, Information Technology, Humanities, Accounting, Management, Business, Engineering and Technology, and Information Sciences. Question seven- Until 2016, Nigerian Universities relied on external agencies to provide a ranking system. The external organizations work with the Ministry of Education in the ranking of Universities (Micaiah, 2017). They also work closely with the National Universities Commission, National Commission for College Education and the National Board for Technical Education. Micaiah (2017), states that the five external agencies that provide the rating of Universities are: Academic Ranking of World Universities, Quacquarreli Symond World University Rankings, Center for World University Rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the Webometrics Rankings of World Universities. UniRank (2017) provides the following is the list of the top twenty universities in Nigeria and their location in descending order: University of Ibadan ( Ibadan), University of Nigeria (Nsukka), University of Lagos(Lagos), Obafemi Awolowo University (Ile-Ife0, Covenant University (Ota), Ahmadu Bello University ( Zaria), Federal University of Technology, Minna (Minna), University of Ilorin (Ilorin), University of Benin (Ugbowo), and the University of Abuja (Abuja), Federal University of Technology, Owerrri (Owerri), University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (Abeokuta), Afe Babalola University (Ado-Ekiti), Landmark University (Omu-Aran), University of Port Harcourt (Port-Harcourt), Samuel Adegboyega University (Ogwa0, Federal University of Technology, Akure (Akure), University of Jos (Jos), Bayero University Kano ( Kano), Babcok University (Ilishan-Remo). Question eight- The number of students who successfully graduate from the Nigerian Secondary System is more than million per year. The certification to enter university is the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination which is administered by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board. In 2015, out of more than million students who qualified to gain admission to universities, only, 450,000 were absorbed by Nigerian universities (Recruiting from Nigeria, 2015). The country has a total of 129 universities. The Federal Government operates 40, while the different States run another 39 (Recruiting from Nigeria, 2015). There are 50 privately run universities which completes the total. Question nine- One of the challenges faced by students when applying for a visa is inability to effectively communicate in a different language which leads to miscommunication (NAFSA, 2017). The wrong visa may be applied for and granted and this could lead to future problems. The other challenge is the problem of convincing the authority granting the Visa that the student will come back to the home country. Providing proof at times proves to be a challenge. Another challenge is for students who have spouses and children. The consular official may need tangible proof that the family left behind will be provided for adequately (NAFSA, 2017). Other problems present where the student had travelled and visited the country, overstaying their visa. It may prove a challenge for the consular official to grant such a student a new student visa. Another issue is where the students name is similar to someone else and this may require additional time to counter check. References IPRCNigeria. (2017). Accreditation. Retrieved from https://www.iprcng.net/accreditation.htm Micaiah, W. (2017). A Framework for Ranking Higher Institutions in Nigeria. Statisense. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/statisense/framework-for-ranking-higher-institutions-in-nigeria NAFSA. (2017). 10 Points to Remember when Applying for a Student Visa. Retrieved from https://www.nafsa.org/findresources/Default.aspx?id=8643 Pasolea AM. (2017). Top 5 Destinations for Nigerian Students who Plan to Study Abroad. MastersPortal. Retrieved from https://www.mastersportal.eu/articles/2267/top-5-destinations-for-nigerian-students-who-plan-to-study-abroad.html Raimo, V., Humfrey, C Huang, I.Y.(2013). Managing International Student Recruitment Agents: Approaches, Benefits and Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/managing_education_agents_report_for_bc_2.pdf Recruiting from Nigeria. (2015). Marketing trends and Future Potentials. Retrieved from https://www.icef.com/wp-content/uploads/seminarprogramme/2015/dubai__prov__1700__Felix-Olugbenga-Adedayo__Recruiting-from-Nigeria-Market-Trends-and-Future-Potential-part2.pdf Students. (2017). Top 10 Countries for Nigerian Students to Study Abroad and what you need to know. Retrieved from https://students.com.ng/top-10-countries-nigerian-students-study-abroad-need-know/ UniAgents. (2017). Higher Education Consultants in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.uniagents.com/en/consultants-nigeria/index.htm UniRank. (2017). Top Universities in Nigeria: 2017 Nigerian University Ranking. Retrieved from https://www.4icu.org/ng/

Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle Essay Example

Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle Paper * What led the archaeologist to the site? Through his work, Wheeler had acquired an interest for excavating and examining sites in Britain. He had previously excavated Roman remains in Essex, Wales and Verulamium, a Pre-Roman settlement near St. Albans in England1. Maiden Castle, in Dorset County, offered much in the way of archaeology. It was thought to contain much evidence from Iron Age and Roman periods and offered a challenge for archaeologists to unearth its rich past. Mortimer Wheeler was drawn to the site because of the prospect of unearthing a piece in the puzzle of early British and Roman history. Wheeler saw it a challenge that he was up to, he attempted to use his experience to piece together a missing part in British history. We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * His methods of excavation. One of the main reasons Mortimer Wheeler is remembered today is for his pioneering of the box grid system. He developed a system that divided the field into small squares, each separated by a narrow baulk2. As the site of Maiden Castle was so large it was imperative that finds and their data were accurately recorded. Wheeler maintained strict control of his sites and meticulous organisation of stratigraphy, and all other aspects of operations on site, was exercised. It was commented that it took on the appearance of a military operation3. Each box had team with a leader who reported to Wheeler. As well as his use of the box grid method, Wheeler also used long narrow trenches alongside the boxes as well as exposing large areas of earth in the same area. He was very particular about finding, preserving as much evidence as possible in order to present accurate findings4. For example the discovery of certain fragments of ash in one of the stratum of the site led him to draw certain concl usions about the events that occurred there. * Problems encountered. Because of the protruding nature of the site of Maiden Castle it is easy to presume that excavation of the site would not pose much of a problem in regard to finding evidence. Because of the nature of the site and the civilisations that inhabited it this was not the case. After 2000 years of erosion much of the battlements and surrounding evidence had been destroyed5. Another problem in discovering evidence was the long periods of use undergone by the site. The site had been occupied by many civilisations including Neolithic, late Stone Age/early Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and possibly Saxon people. Because of the extensive use of the site much valuable information and evidence was destroyed, looted or misplaced6. * Significance of the discovery. The discovery of Maiden Castle was a huge discovery in the history of early Europe and its progression into modern times. Maiden Castle is the largest known hill fort in Europe and paints a vivid picture about the lives, technologies and cultures of the early Celtic settlement in the British Isles7. The evidence uncovered at Maiden Castle gives an indication of the likely militaristic nature of the Iron Age people who constructed the fort as we know it today. The data acquired from the castle also proves and confirms aspects of Roman occupation in Britain and their culture of the time8. * Problems of Reconstructing/Preservation When it comes to Maiden Castle there has been much disagreement and dispute over what events actually took place there. Mortimer Wheelers excavations led him to develop what was seen as a very elaborate and fictitious story about what occurred when the fort passed hands from the Celtic Durotriges tribe to the Romans9. Mortimers account was highly fictional involving a extremely vicious Roman massacre of all within the castle setting fire to all buildings and pillaging it to the ground10. This reconstruction by Mortimer was challenged by many archaeologists and has since been proven wrong11. This raises questions about the credibility of Wheelers work and poses doubts about whether this is truly what Wheeler believed of whether it was done for publicity reasons. Preservation of Maiden Castle was a big issue because of the exposed location of the structure. Maiden Castle has already undergone much degradation and erosion and measure to prevent further destruction of the site were undertaken by the English Heritage Commission12.

The changes of Phillips curve under global economy, from two aspects of international trade and international finance to discuss Phillips curve ---relationship between inflation and unemployment. The WritePass Journal

The changes of Phillips curve under global economy, from two aspects of international trade and international finance to discuss Phillips curve -relationship between inflation and unemployment. Introduction The changes of Phillips curve under global economy, from two aspects of international trade and international finance to discuss Phillips curve relationship between inflation and unemployment. IntroductionThe purpose of researchThe outline and methodologyList of References:Related Introduction During the Great Depression which was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World Warâ… ¡, western countries experienced the high unemployment rate. In 1936, Keynes who is a British economist published the famous â€Å"The general theory of employment, interest and money†. The theory was helpful for policy makers to tackle unemployment. (Mankiw,G and Taylor,M) However, after 1950s, inflation became the most concerned economic issue around the world in replace of unemployment. Due to the price rigidity, inflation couldn’t be explained by Keynesian economics. The Phillips curve is named after a New Zealand-born economist A.W.Phillips. In1958, he published an article† The Relationship between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wages in the United Kingdom 1861–1957† in the quarterly economic journal Economica. Phillips observed the data of unemployment rate and the rate of wage inflation and concluded an inverse relationship between money wage changes and unemployment in United Kingdom during the period time examined. In the following years, Phillips curve was successfully demonstrated to be found in many countries. The IS-LM model is a macroeconomic tool that demonstrates the relationship between interest rates and real output in the goods and services market and the money market (Wikipedia).It can explain the aggregate demand and determine the employment. And the Phillips curve can express the aggregate supply of macroeconomics and explain the inflation. Thus, main Keynes’s theory consists of IS-LM model and Phillips Curve from two aspects of aggregate demand and supply. The Phillips Curve also has the significant meaning for economy policy: that is, macroeconomic policy can be trade-off between inflation and unemployment. The government can use higher inflation rate to achieve lower unemployment and vice versa. Therefore, the Phillips curve was considered as the main economic tool to make policy. However, when people thought IS-LM model and Phillips curve could explain major macroeconomic issues, some economists began to doubt the accuracy of Phillips curve, one typical representative is Edmund Phelps, who is the winner of Nobel Prize for Economics in 2006. He suggested that inflation is not only related with unemployment but also related with the growth of prices and wages expected by employers and workers. His research contributed important insights in the Phillips curve which include adaptive expectation and imperfect information in the setting of prices and wages. Additionally, he presented the concept of the natural rate of unemployment and he thinks that there is no long run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. (Edmund S Phelps,1968).It can be seen from Figure 1,assume that at the beginning, the expected inflation rate is 0 and the natural rate of unemployment is 6%,under this situation, the economy is at point A and the Phillips curve is P1.If the economy is i ntervened by government, that is the government wants to use 4% inflation rate to achieve 3% unemployment rate, that means reaching point B; assume that the government achieves the goal, workers expect their real wages to decline, thus the nominal wages are required to increase to maintain their purchasing power. On the other hand, employers hire fewer workers due to the increases in wages, therefore, the unemployment rate return to the natural rate of unemployment. At this moment, the economy is at point C. The Phillips curve shifts upwards to P2.As a result, government’s economic policies do not work, that means inflation rate increases, however, unemployment rate does not go down. This is so-called†Phillips Curve with expectation†. Figure 1   Phillips Curve with expectation At present, the widely accepted view about Phillips curve is that â€Å"because people adjust their expectations of inflation over time, the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment holds only in short run.†(Mankiw, G and Taylor, M)New Keynesian economists modify the Phillips curve from two aspects: firstly, considering expectation; secondly, considering the supply shock. The purpose of research The reason why I am planning to focus my research on this topic is that with the development of economy globalization, the proportion of trade between countries or economies increase rapidly. For example, in 2005, the world merchandise trade and services trade account for world GDP respectively 47% and 11%, however, in 1990, those figures are respectively 32% and 8%.During the period of 1990 to 2005, the aggregate amount of world exports has increased annually by 9%, however, the average growth rate of world GDP was only 3%.Thus, under economic globalization, when modifying Phillips curve, the openness should be considered. My dissertation is aimed to analyze how Phillips curve shifts and changes under economic globalization. The outline and methodology At present, the major researches about this issue are focusing on NKPC model and put the model into small open economies to do empirical analysis. Then the New Keynesian Phillips Curve can be obtained. There are two methods can be used to modify the NKPC model: the first one is extended model of difference between domestic and foreign prices (Sbordone, 2002; Gali and Monacelli, 2005); second one is extended model of foreign exchange rate (Temple, 2002; Reinhart and Rogoff, 2004). The outline of my dissertation is that firstly, presenting the theory and general New Keynesian Phillips curve model, then modify it from two aspects of international trade and international finance. Secondly, analyzing the influences of domestic inflation and employment which are from international factors. The New Keynesian Phillips Curve model is generally written in the form: Ï€t=ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬t-1+ÃŽ ²Et(Ï€t+1)+ÃŽ ³costt. Assume that Ï€t is inflation rate at time t, Ï€t-1 is inflation rate at time (t-1), Et(Ï€t+1) is expected inflation rate of time t+1 according to that at time t, costt is cost of production per unit at time t,ÃŽ ±Ã¢Ë†Ë†(0,1),ÃŽ ²Ã¢Ë†Ë†(0,1),ÃŽ ³Ã¢Ë†Ë†(0,1).My research mainly focus on four aspects: 1)inflation effect on unit product cost, considering the formula above, the third part on the right is the changes of unit product cost under economy globalization. 2)inflation effect on international capital flow, the second part on the right of the formula above is expected inflation which makes individuals expect domestic real interest rates to change, people choose to invest in foreign.3)lagged effect of inflation, the first part on the right of the f ormula above is adaptive expectation.4)effect of inflation on employment ,overall, whether unemployment rate increases or decreases   depend on other factors ,for instance, domestic employment rate and trade policy. Thirdly, choosing two developed countries which are U.S and UK and one developing country which is Brazil and using OECD database or other databases to obtain figures about CPI, GDP implicit deflator, import price index and unemployment rate. The time period selected is 1992 to 2010 .Then using these data to do empirical analysis about NKPC model under economic globalization. Finally, getting the conclusion. The expected results I want to get are that under economic globalization, in the short run, inflation rate and prices of imports shift in the same direction. The lower the prices of imports are, the smaller the slope of Phillips curve is and vice versa. As Figure 2 indicates, I also expect that Phillips curves with different slopes adjust to different countries. The line â‘   with flatter slope is suited for developed countries due to the lower imports prices. However, the line â‘ ¢ with steeper slope is suited for developing countries because of its higher imports prices. The framework of this dissertation consists of four parts: The theory of Phillips curve Shifts and changes of NKPC model under economic globalization Empirical analysis about NKPC model under economic globalization The significance of the theory and conclusion. List of References: Mankiw, G and Taylor, M, Macroeconomics. European Edition, p295 Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS/LM_model Phelps, Edmund S. (1968). Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium. Journal of Political Economy 76 (S4): 678–711 Argia M. Sbordone, â€Å"Prices and unit labor costs: a new test of price stickiness†, Journal of Monetary Economics, (Elsevier: March, 2002) vol.49 (2), pages 265-292 Jordi Gali and Tommaso Monacelli,†Monetary Policy and Exchange rate Volatility in a small open economy†, Review of Economic Studies, (Blackwell Publishing: 2005), vol.72 (3), pp.707-734 07 Jonathan Temple,†Openness, Inflation and the Phillips Curve a Puzzle†, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, (Blackwell Publishing: May, 2002), vol.34 (2), pp.450-68 Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S.Rogoff, â€Å"The Modern History of Exchange Rate Arrangements : A Reinterpretation†, The Quarterly Journal of Economics(MIT Press: February 2004) vol.119(1),pp.1-48

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report - Assignment Example The four year court battle resulted into a hefty $1.5bn dollar penalty to the affected regulators in the US, UK and Switzerland. It is against this backdrop of failures by such financial institutions entrusted with this critical role that this report is compiled. The scope of this report is to try and quantify the effect of risk attitude on company performance indicators and the impact this may have on their perceived change of attitude (Shotter, 2012). To achieve this goal, Chief executive officers (CEOs) of large financial institutions in the City of London were asked to fill in a questionnaire aimed at assessing their attitude towards risks. The so called large financial institutions were those listed in The Financial Times as so, based on the size of their workforce. Data Primary data was collected from 100 CEOs where their responses on the questionnaire were scored out of 30 -one being the most conservative towards risks and 30 being the highest risk assessment. Baseline informa tion provided the secondary data for the same set of financial institutions, gathered from two articles published in 2007 and in 2009 that had measured the risks in these same institutions. Data on three additional variables was also collected in order to assess the volatility in performance of the companies. Table 1 summarizes the variables of interest for this analysis. Table 1: Variables description Variable Description RISKATT_AFTER CEOs questionnaire score RISKATT_BEFORE Baseline data from publications MAX_SHARE The maximum share price of the company in the last 30 days MIN_SHARE The minimum share price of the company in the last 30 days SD_SHARE The standard deviation of the share prices of the company in the last 30 days Objectives With this information, we sought to answer the following objectives: 1) To assess the change of CEOs attitude towards risk before and after the UBS bank scandal 2) To quantify the correlation (if any) between the companies’ risk attitudes an d their volatility. Methodology In seeking to meet the above set objectives, statistical analysis tools were applied. In particular SPSS statistical software version 20 was used for the analysis. Moreover, the nature of the data was taken into account in choosing the methodology to use. For instance, for the first objective, we wished to assess the difference in risk assessment before and after the UBS bank scandal. The data was collected from the same companies hence forming dependent pairs. For this objective therefore, an appropriate test was the paired t-test. For the second objective, an extra variable coded as the SHARE_RANGE was derived by getting the range in the company’s share price for the past 30 days. This was to be used as a predictor for a regression model. Scatter plot matrices as well as Pearson’s correlation estimates were obtained as a guide to assessing the linear relation between the variables of interest and where appropriate, linear regression mo dels were fit and the necessary diagnostics performed. Results Results of performing a paired t-test on the companies’ score on risk assessment before and after the UBS bank scandal are summarized in the following section. To begin with, a

Project Cost Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Cost Control - Essay Example Costs are defined as anything that does not add value to the system rather consumes resources, capital, time or other related functions and components of the project. Steve Odland, in his assessment of the methods by which the costs may be controlled defines the interaction with the customers as one of the reasons based on which the costs can be controlled. According to his views, the customers provide sufficient information and guidelines regarding the utility based projects and items and those that do not add value or are little needed and desired by the customers. The response of the customers enable knowing what to produce and what to avoid in the future trends and projects (Odland, 2012). Another area that is often termed as a serious point with regard to the handling of the costs is the inventory. Inventory often takes up large amount of resources and material. Many companies and projects fail only because of the bulk of the inventory in stock. The stocks lead to consuming space, budget and other associated items which result in the non production of the productive items and products that would otherwise be kept and reserved in limited quantity (KACHWALA, 2009, p. 92). Identifying the defective products, processes and all those activities and components that lead to the consumption of resources, energy and material are amounted to as costs. The time and resources spent would otherwise be spent in the production of the new items and material. Adhering to the terms and conditions that are set forth in the early phases of the project and overall organizational tasks are also important. Often the lag incurs on the account of the deviation from the initially set forth conditions based on which the project had been started. The failure to do so results in delay. It also results in the extra resources usage and many more associated functions and discrepancies within the system and project at hand. Transportation means and communication sources are

Approaches To Political Science

Approaches To Political Science During the post- World War II period the predominant impetus that gave augmentation to behaviouralism as an approach to political science was the end of colonialism, and the subsequent birth of many new nation states. There was a general consensus that political science had to get into the game and offer assistance for national development if it was to be relevant to the contemporary world (Pye: 2006, p.799). Kavanagh (1983, p.196) believes that this was driven partly by impatience, growing during the inter-war years, with a perceived preoccupation with formal structures and institutions. Many histories of political science agree that the multi-dimensional and contradictory nature of politics has resulted in relative difficulty in establishing a clear definition of behaviouralism. As Waldo (1975, p. 58) specified whilst writing about the emergence of behaviouralism, what happened wascomplicated and somewhat obscure. Almost all those who endeavour to define behaviouralism acknowledge that every man puts his own emphasis and thereby becomes his own behaviouralist (Easton: 1962 p. 9) and attempts at coming to any complete definition of behaviouralism are probably futile given the diversity of those who followed its banner (Seidelman and Harpham: 1985 p. 151). However, for the purpose of this essay the behaviouralist approach will be defined as an attempt to improve our understanding of politics by seeking to explain the empirical aspects of political life by means of methods, theories, and criteria of proof that are acceptable according to the canons conventions and assumptions of modern empirical science (Dahl: 1961 p.767). The behaviouralistic revolution has had a substantial involvement in the evolution of political science, in which its scientific methodology and value centred approach (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.377) has influenced the subject matter and form of political science. Behaviouralism incorporates four foundational assumptions. Firstly, that there are discoverable uniformities in political behaviour commonly referred to as the regularity principle. Attempts to develop generalizations about political behaviour, i.e. to advance hypothesis about the relationships to discover uniformities or regularities or laws (Van Dyke: 1960, p.159). Secondly, behaviouralism dictates that the use empirical data is imperative for the means of maintaining a scientific approach to the study of politics (Brown: 2011). Thirdly, that there is a clear distinction between values and facts. A clear delineation between values and facts as well as, perhaps most importantly, the belief that facts remain neutral between various theories (Brown: 2011, p.2). Lastly, theories should be capable of being tested against observations. Crucially, genuinely explanatory theories must be capable of generating empirical predictions that can be tested against observation (Saunders: 2010, p.52 ). Theoretically at best behavioural research can produce a substantial theoretical and empirical contribution to the understanding and explanation of social behaviour (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.380). However, as I will discuss the full application of these assumption is rarely applied. For its advocates, behaviouralism has a number of advantages over other approaches to the study of political science. Possibly the least controversial assertion made on the approachs behalf was that it broadened the scope of political science, loosening previous constraints. Behaviouralism diverted attention away from conventionally legalistic study of constitutions and political institutions towards the political activities of real individuals in all stages of political science perhaps the least controversial claim made on the approchs behalf was that it widened the scope of poltical science. Behaviouralism, argue its champion, focused attention away from traditionally legalistic study of political institutions and consitutions towards the political actions of real people in all levels of political sceience developments in computer hardware and software has enabled the collection and processing of enormous quantities of data a behavioural emphasis is central to teh study of elctions and voting, perhaps the best known and most publiced mainfestation off the study of politics This essay will be split up into 3 parts, critically assessing why behaviouralism is an inadequate approach to the study of political science. Firstly, the essay will argue that an attachment to positivism is an inherent weakness in behaviouralism. Secondly, the essay will argue that both methodological potholes and maintaining subjectivity, challenge the impartiality of data collection, inclusion, and interpretation. Thirdly, the essay will explain why politics is not a natural science, focusing on variations in governance and human behaviour throughout the world. Positivism as a feature of Behaviouralism Positivism is a paradigm which states that all true knowledge is scientific in which all things are ultimately measurable (Brown: 2011, p.3). It is a notion intrinsically related to reductionism, in that both encompass the opinion that entities of one kind () are reducible to entities of another (Kim: 1965, p.318). As positivism is value free it contrasts with normative theory by providing descriptive rather than prescriptive statements. The first major critique of the behaviouralist approach is the opinion that it is inextricably linked to positivism, where it is reasoned that there is little to no room for normative discourse. The cost of the scientific identity to the discipline has been the marginalization of normative political theory (Duvall: 1998, p.1). In fact, positivism calls for an end to normative theory since it did not assist an empirical approach to the study of political science. However, countless scholars regard positivism with disdain, believing it to be adequate reason for the rejection of behaviouralism as a study of political science. Mises (1951) believes that positivism bares three major flaws, which collectively undermine its credibility within any concept, particularly behaviouralism. Behaviouralism complicated link with positivism has meant the political school of thought remains vulnerable to positivist criticisms (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.380). Firstly, normative discourse is largely discounted in the behaviouralist approach due to the fact that it cannot be defined by empirical or definitional statements. Similarly, under stringent positivist conditions there is no role for aesthetic and moral arguments, as these are not limited to empirical and definitional statements. Furthermore, there can be no role for the sort of hermeneutic analysis that attempts to understand understand social behaviour through deep reflection about the nature of human perceptions, thought processes and motivations (Sanders: 2010, p.51). If positivism seeks to reject these methods of reflection, the argument runs, it must be at fault. Whilst empiricism results in exactness it also has the additional value of instigating empirically falsifiable hypothesis, therefore it is contented that this dismissal of normative discourse is perilous. Sanders (2010, p.51) explained that the large class of statements that positivism labels as meaningless in fact contain many ideas that can add very significantly to our understanding of social behaviour and the human condition. Although I accept that the rejection of normative theory is paramount to maintaining a neutral inquiry. I believe that the failure to use deductive inquiry discredits the productiveness of behaviouralism in understanding the more subtle workings of the political world. Therefore it is argued that positivists underestimate the intricate relationships between theory and observation, particula rly in separating the effects of phenomena that are interrelated (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.379). Secondly, positivism is attacked on the basis of its exclusivity, and the assumption that the study of politics can be emulated by the study of natural science in order to successfully explain social phenomena. For example, one is unable to empirically research the relevant processes that lead to women often failing to ascertain top jobs within business. A positivist would only stick with what can be empirically established, rather than engage in more abstract theoretical reflection. As a direct result positivism fails to acknowledge the spatial trends, processes and intricacies which are involved in socioeconomic and political workings of life (Cloke, Philio and Sadler: 1992 p.15). Kavanagh (1983, p.192) agrees with this stating, normative theory always contains an element of the potential, and its validity is not in any way vitiated by people behaving differently from the pattern lai d down in the theory. Thirdly, positivists are criticised for their autonomy, they argue that science should be neutral, value free and objective. Critics of positivism believe that this creates a false sense of objectivity by artificially separating the observer from the observed, denying the existence of strong correspondence links (ibid, p.14). It is therefore argued that any weakness inherent in positivism must also therefore be inherent in behaviouralism (Sanders: 2010 p.51) and ultimately this acts as a fundamental anchor in the paradigm. Can the study of politics be value free? One of the initial assertions of the early behaviouralists was that hypothetical understanding could only be attained through a process of enquiry that began with theory-free observation of all the facts up to now and which then derived law-like generalizations inductively from the empirical regularities that were observed (Sanders: 2010, p.50). According to behaviouralists researchers take great troubles in order to assert the value free nature of their approach to the study of political science (Bay: 1965) and as result the political analyst is concerned with a scientific study of politics in its functional aspects. As such he has nothing to do with values or morals (Jayapalan: 2002, p.82). Theoretically the scientific methodological approach used in behaviouralism should produce theories and observations which remain unbiased, with a neutral point of view. However, in reality both methodological potholes and pseudo-ethical neutrality compromise the impartiality of empiricism, chal lenging the quality of research and observation. As a result, many critics of behaviouralism have identified numerous problems surrounding the collection, inclusion and interpretation of data, believing them to act as a critical shortcoming of the behaviouralistic approach. Huron (2000, p.3) believes that these fallacies, problems, biases, and effects that scholars have, over the centuries, recognized as confounding the conduct of good research. Although I acknowledge that these problems are not unique to behavioralism, as they affect every study of political science. I believe it is imperative to discuss them as they cause the behaviourists claim of objectivity to be problematic. Ultimately, this weakens the validity of behaviouralism as an approach to the study of political science. Methodological potholes Firstly, a lack of researcher neutrality and objectivity during data collection undermines the consistency and strength of empiricism. Proponents of a perspective may provide asymmetrical (one-sided) information, offering evidence that supports their conclusions while ignoring or suppressing other information (Litman: 2012, p.3). Cloke, Philio and Sadler (1992, p.18) refer to this concept as selective empiricism, in which researchers are able to cherry-pick data in order to obtain favourable outcomes. Questions can be defined, statistics selected and analysis structured to reach a desired outcome (Litman, 2012 p.12). For example, as researchers endeavour to remain policy relevant, this can lead to the production of research that conforms to the priorities of power (Wearing: 2010). Furthermore, the choice of research topics will undoubtedly bare some reflection on the researchers moral and political priorities. Research is framed and conducted is bound to reflect assumptions which wh ether held consciously, semi-consciously or unconsciously remain of a moral and political nature (Wearing: 2010). This selective or crude empiricism negates objectivity and neutrality and results in a lack of uniformity. Therefore, this lack of consistency entirely repudiates the legitimacy of behaviouralism as an adequate approach to the study of political science. Secondly, Sanders (2010) and Easton (1962) have argued that both a tendency towards mindless empiricism (Sanders, 2010, p.52) and a lack of quality empirical data have both undermined the legitimacy of empiricism. Sanders (2010 p.52) has argued that the indiscriminate inclusion of data has caused a situation in which behaviouralist emphasise what can be easily measured rather than what might be theoretically important tending to observe readily observed phenomena (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) rather than the more subtle, and perhaps deeper, structural forces that promote stability and change in social and political systems (Sanders: 2010, p.52-53). Many aspects of political life are subtle and are therefore unquantifiable. For example, the quality of interpersonal relationships between political leaders is not something that one statistically appraise, but yet the extent to which these leaders relate to one another could end up being important as to whether they cooperate. Similarly, Easton (196 2) supports this contention and believes that these more subtle workings of politics coupled with a lack of quality data has resulted in difficultly when using empirically falsifiable methods, and thus it has been suggested that behaviouralists chose their studies based on what is simple to test empirically, and not on the basis of academic worth. Not in light of theoretical or ethical relevance, but largely on grounds of accidental availability of technically adequate means of research (ibid, p.19). Sanders (2010) further supports this contention, asserting that in order to preserve the integrity of behaviouralism, behaviouralists have a tendency to circumvent or reject explanations that cannot be tested empirically. To rectify these issues would necessitate the abandonment of strict empiricism (Easton: 1962, p.19), which in quintessence is the pillar of behaviouralism. Whilst it would undeniable expand the credibility and relevance of the paradigm, abandoning such a fundamental fa cet would act to challenge and circumvent the other criteria that the paradigm necessitates. Ultimately, a deficiency of data combined with gratuitous empiricism suggests that behaviouralism is an incomplete notion; consequently this undermines its credibility as an adequate approach to the study of political science. Different understandings lead to different explanations The initial behaviouralists declared their approach to social enquiry to be both value-free and scientific. They claimed not be seeking to justify any particular ethical or political stance (Sanders: 2010, p.51) but rather sought to uncover the facts through impartial observation and to offer politically-neutral theories that would explain them in the most parsimonious way (ibid). However, as Nietzsche (1880) famously said there are no facts, only interpretations, no more so does this apply than to the interpretation of empirical data. Many critics of behaviouralism believe that different scholars studying the same problem are able to come to different conclusions, this initiated the argument that different understanding leads to different explanations. Be it subconsciously or intentional researchers are able to manipulate observations and theory, this undermines the objectivity of the test. Above all, the researcher himself is influenced to a certain extent, by his value preferences (Jayapalan: 2002, p.83). Many critics adamantly dispute the possibility of researcher neutrality, believing researcher bias to be inevitable. It is contended that objective theory and observation is always impossible, as some level of initial theoretical understanding is needed prior to the researcher deciding what will, and what should be observed. Sibley (1967) concurs with this criticism, and cites that the political investigator, no less than others, must have some notion of his own order of priorities before he proceeds to use the behavioural or any other approach (ibid, p.53). Hollis Smith (1991) support both these statements, explaining that there is no way of relating experience freely of its interpretation There are no brute facts-no facts prior to interpretation (ibid, p.52) Ultimately, it is suggested that researcher impartiality is idealistic and naÃÆ' ¯ve, and even subconsciously researchers are able to influence theory and observation. Marsh and Furlong (2002) sup ports this contention, going further to suggest that this is caused by any knowledge we derive (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is mediated by the concepts we use to analyse it, so there is no way of classifying, or even describing, experience without interpreting it (ibid, p.23). Ultimately, I believe that a researchers individual experiences and values are inescapable, and thus are inseparable from their research. It this lack of uniformity and neutrality which causes the behaviouralists claims that theory can be objective to be a largely irresolvable weakness. Politics does not emulate the natural sciences In order to theorise the behaviouralist assume generalisations or tendency statements to help study the observed and observable. They believe there to be an expectable pattern in political phenomenon in which the regularity principle can be applied to political behaviour (Jayapalan: 2002). Political scientists operated under the pretence that humankind was perfectible and therefore a dependence on scientific political information would help to solve societal and political troubles indefinitely (Merriam: 1934). To some extent this is true, society and mankind can be predicable. There are many regularities in social life, such as getting out of bed, going to work, or reading a morning paper (Kavanagh: 1983, p.194). However, this is not always the case; both politics and humankind can be highly unpredictable in their nature, encompassing countless unforeseen circumstances and irregularities. Therefore, it is contended that there are no uniformities and laws on human behaviour and political science. . There are no regularities in political reality as it consists largely of unique elements (ibid, p.82). Therefore, it is argued that these unobservable factors and variations in politics throughout the world undermine behaviourism as a study of politics. Behaviouralists exclude the norms of human teleology (Johari: 2006, p.611). Traditionalists believe that as politics and human nature is diverse and complicated, it therefore cannot be generalised by certain pattern and regularities within human behaviour. Thus it is argued that social phenomena are [sic] quite different from natural phenomena and require different strategies of explanation. (Kavanagh: 1983, p.195) Human behaviour is shaped through culture, environment and experiences. It forms unique principles, inspirations and motives which vary from person to person. Thus, I believe that as individualism flourishes, behaviour cannot be categorised and uniformed together as mutuality. It is too easy to speak of a groups or nations behaviour as if it were identical with that of the individual person (Eulau: 1962, p.15). Hindmoor (2006) provides a good example of the unpredictability of human behaviour, finding that large numbers of the electorate, for example, do not vote for parties with policies and strategies that would leave them better off. One explanation for this finding is that voters rationally pursue interests other than their own material wellbeing (ibid, p.52). Yet these ulterior motives are impossible to gauge and quantify, providing yet another shortcoming of behaviouralism. Human ingenuity was always capable of evading them, in which they would lose their validity (Varma: 1979, p. 29). In addition, some aspects are politics are far too complicated and diverse for the use of empiricism. An area where a morally laden approach such as foreign aid is needed causes the behavioural approach to appear inadequate. The behavioural approach is able to deliver reliable knowledge only with regard to political commonplaces or trivia (Easton: 1962 p.19). Johari (2006) goes further, believing that too many inconsistencies and historic contingencies exist within human nature to allow anything but a very general kind of statement of uniformities. Ultimately, modern day politics operates on a global basis encompassing many cultures and forms and styles of government. Therefore, I believe that a major flaw of behaviouralism is that it is too narrow in its approach, ignoring global variations in human behaviour and styles of governance. Behaviouralists are charged with committing crimes of vulgar reductionism (Johari: 2006, p.611), and ultimately this acts as a fundamental a nchor in the paradigm. Conclusion In conclusion, although it is contended by certain scholars that there are some undoubted benefits of a behaviourist approach to the study of political science, the weaknesses contained within the theory are insurmountable. This essay accepts the three key epistemological criticisms of positivism. Firstly, that it marginalises normative and metaphysical discourse; this prevents one from fully understanding the subtle intricacies of politics. Secondly, positivism is challenged on the basis of its exclusivity, which thus fails to recognise the spatial trends, processes and intricacies which are involved in socioeconomic and political workings of life. Thirdly, I reject positivism based upon its autonomy of knowledge, which artificially detaches the observer from the observed. This intrinsic relationship between behaviouralism and positivism has meant that behaviouralism remains susceptible to the criticism of positivism. Therefore on this basis it undermines behaviouralism as an adequa te approach to the study of political science. Furthermore, I reject the regularities principle as a credible feature of behaviourism. Although I have acknowledged that some regularity exists in society, the nature of mankind and politics is largely unpredictable, and cannot be associated with the natural sciences because of this. In addition, although I have accepted that methodological potholes and researcher bias are not unique to just behaviouralism, I believe that they undermine behaviouralisms fundamental aim to remain objective. Ultimately, because of these three reasons I believe behavioralism lacks any real validity as an adequate approach to the study of political science.

College Students and Suicide

College Students and Suicide College Students and Suicide By contrast, only 15. 3 percent of Americans overall have had such thoughts, the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative reported last February. The survey, part of a wider-ranging continuing study on student suicidal behaviors being conducted by David Drum, a professor of education psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, questioned 26,000 undergraduate and graduate students at 70 U. S. institutions. The results raise the startling suggestion that suicidal thoughts could be a common experience on par with substance abuse, depression and eating disorders, Drum said. The survey defined considering suicide as having at least one episode of suicidal thinking at some point. Slightly more than half of students said they fit that category, which is known as suicide ideation. When researchers asked about more serious episodes, 15 percent said they had â€Å"seriously considered† attempting suicide. More than 5 percent of students said they had actually attempted suicide, which is the second-leading cause of death for college students, compared to its ranking of ninth among the U. S. population at large, according to the National Alliance on Mental Health. 2 â€Å"Relief from emotional or physical pain† was the top reason students cited for suicidal thinking, followed by problems with romantic relationships. A generalized desire to end their lives was next, followed by problems with school or academics. The study extrapolated that at an average college with 18,000 undergraduate students, 1,080 of them would seriously contemplate taking their lives in any year, numbers that pose troubling issues for college administrators. The survey identified growing levels of distress among college students and diminishing resources to handle the consequences. They found that half of students who had had suicidal thoughts never sought counseling or treatment. We know only a quarter of suicide patients are our clients, which means 75 percent of them never come through our doors,† said Chris Brownson, director of the Counseling and Mental Health Center at the University of Texas. Drum and other researchers said colleges needed a new model, shifting the emphasis from narrowly focused treatments involving suicidal students and a small number of mental health professionals, to one hat involved the entire campus in addressing student stresses. Suicide is a public and mental issue. The focus on dec reasing the numbers needs to be on prevention, building resilience in students and creating supportive communities. In college students, the warning signs of depression which ultimately leads to suicide are, a previous suicide attempt, talking about suicide, and drug or alcohol abuse

Bartleby in Herman

Most individuals assume their positions at work, home or community and accept them to be their assigned roles. These responsibilities become their purpose for living—whether they believe these roles to have been chosen by them or decided for them by God or fate. People work hard in life because they want to do the best out of the roles they believe they are given to fulfill. However, for the character of Bartleby in Herman Melville’s short story, nothing in life is worth living for.In Bartleby, the reader sees that people can choose to be free from the conflicts of life by simply giving up everything, and by not allowing oneself to do what society expects them to do. To emphasize this point, the author uses the character of the Lawyer, the narrator of the story, and his conflict with Bartleby. The Lawyer can be seen as a character who both reflects a combination of Bartleby, the person who does not care about everything around him, and the average people who care a lot about what they do and how others regard them.In the beginning of the story, the Lawyer is introduced to readers by making him describe himself. He is an old man who is proud of the fact that he does not work so hard like others: â€Å"I am†¦filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best†¦I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquility of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men's bonds and mortgages and title-deeds. † He calls himself a â€Å"safe† man.He avoids conflict and confrontations, is seldom angry and his biggest complaint in life is to work in an office with a bad window view. He hires Bartleby into his office because he likes the quietness of the man. Like him, Bartleby looks like a man who also has no big ambitions in life. Furthermore, when the Lawyer learns that Bartleby has made the office his home, he feels for the man and sympathizes with his loneliness: â€Å"Before, I had never experienced aught but a not unpleasing sadness. The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom.A fraternal melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were sons of Adam. † Their difference appears, however, when Bartleby begins to act strangely and when this strangeness worsens through the passing months. One day, when the Lawyer asks him to do something, Bartleby answers, â€Å"I would prefer not to. † At another time, when the Lawyer asks him to â€Å"comply with†¦a request made according to common usage and common sense†, Bartleby gives the same answer. Then, Bartleby not only refuses to do little errands for the Lawyer, he refuses to work altogether.And when the Lawyer asks him to leave the office since he declares he is tired of his work as a scrivener, he refuses. The Lawyer is forced to move because he could not make the other man leave and the other lawyers who visit his office starts talking about the strange Bartleby. However, Bartleby’s presence gives the next tenant the same trouble. The Lawyer then decides to talk to him about what he wants but Bartleby replies that he would simply â€Å"like to be stationary. † He does not even accept the Lawyer’s invitation to just live in his house.Finally, the new tenant calls the police and they bring Bartleby to jail where he eventually dies. Bartleby’s conflict with the Lawyer shows the reader how strange Bartleby is if one uses the normal rules that people live by as criteria for determining whether an action is normal or not. His non-reaction is a show of rebellion at social rules like the need to be friendly to one’s fellows, the need to work even if one does not want to in order to survive, the rule to live only in the house that one owns, and to follow orders from one’s boss. Bartleby is a man who has given up on all of these.One could say that he has completely gi ven up on life. The Lawyer could not leave Bartleby alone because a part of him could understand Bartleby. He lacks ambition and he â€Å"wants the easiest way of life. † These aspects of his personality could be seen to be just like the life that Bartleby chooses. And so, the Lawyer tries his best to find a way to make Bartleby accept his offers of a normal life, even an easy life where Bartleby would be allowed to do nothing only that he would live in the Lawyer’s home. But Bartleby keeps his decision to stay in the building.In the end, however, the Lawyer himself gives up on Bartleby. He cannot totally leave behind his old life and give everything up like Bartleby does. Unlike Bartleby, he is still controlled by the need to be accepted by his fellow lawyers and be considered normal by other people. Allowing Bartleby to remain in his office would make the Lawyer look as strange as the other man. When he chose to resist following the rules of normal living, Bartleby c hooses to die even as he still breathes and eats. By leaving Bartleby, the Lawyer chooses to live.

The Comprehensive School Counseling Model - 892 Words

I completely agree with this statement. In my internships, it was apparent how easily a classroom of students can go off task. It is much easier to set up your expectations the very first time you step foot into a classroom, maintaining consistency, and as time goes by; accomplish lessons in a more timely, efficient manner. Students seem to behave better if they know what the expectations are from the start. 4. How do you go about deciding what it is that should be taught in your class? While following the Wisconsin Comprehensive School Counseling Model (WCSCM), along with the recommendations of the school districts scope and sequence, I plan to employ lessons which fit the criteria, in addition to, resonate with students. At times, I will use trial and error, data, and feedback, as to which lessons have worked and those which aren’t having the desired effect. 5. A parent comes to you and complains that what you are teaching his child is irrelevant to the child s needs. 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